Coping and emotions of global higher education students to the Ukraine war worldwide.

Trauma scientists have raised the alarm about the devastating consequences of the Ukraine war on mental health. We examined how higher education students-as indirect victims-coped with this conflict and how they emotionally reacted during 2022. We involved 2314 students from 16 countries through an online survey. A structural equation model indicated significant relations between war-related worry about military and macroeconomics domains and two coping strategies (opposition, support giving), in turn significantly linked with six emotions. The model was strongly invariant across gender, study field, and geographic area. The most frequent emotions were anger and anxiety, followed by two future-centred emotions (hopelessness and hope). Emotions were more frequent for females and students of the countries geographically close to the war region. Our findings call for evidence-based policy recommendations to be implemented by institutions to combat the negative short and long-term psychological sequelae of being witnesses of armed conflicts.

Trypanosomosis prevalence in natural field-based infection: insights into systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from 1980 to 2018 on The Gambian ruminants with special emphasis on cattle.

Consistent quantification of trypanosomes, the parasite responsible for African animal trypanosomosis, is important for effective surveillance, control, and eradication strategies. Here, we used a rigorously predefined protocol to search and select eligible publications that utilized either microscopy, serology, or molecular methods to investigate prevalence of trypanosomosis based on the presence of any of three most common Trypanosoma spp. (T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei) in the field-based naturally grazed Gambian cattle, sheep, and goats. To combine results of studies on cattle through meta-analysis, sensitivity and subgroup analyses were carried out with the random effects model, and prevalence estimates of each study with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were presented with a forest plot. All the eligible studies utilized the buffy coat technique (BCT) to detect trypanosomes in the blood samples, while the more sensitive serological and molecular detection methods are yet to be widely exploited. Heterogeneity among the studies on cattle was moderate (I2 = 55%), and the pooled trypanosomosis prevalence based on the BCT was 5.2% (95% CI: 4.0-6.4). Meanwhile, estimated prevalence varied according to the trypanosome detection methods, study locations, types of publication, year, and length of observations. We could not pool the trypanosomosis prevalence in sheep and goats through meta-analysis due to small number of studies. The prevalence estimates based on the BCT ranged from 3.2 to 8.1% in goats and 2.8 to 10.6% in sheep. Even though there seems to be a slight decrease in trypanosomosis prevalence in cattle in one of the Gambian districts, there was no consistent trend across the years. It is thought that the literature search and formatting procedures presented in this study contribute to doing systematic reviews on the investigated subject and can be adapted for similar cases.

Rural household chicken management and challenges in the Upper River Region of the Gambia.

Systematic assessment and documentation of extensive livestock production systems are necessary to design or review breeding programs, extension services, and policies. This study therefore examined management practices and challenges concerning village chicken production in the Upper River Region of the Gambia. The data gathered with 45-variable semi-structured questionnaires were analyzed based on the household head's education status and gender. Illiteracy level was high, and only 38% indicated that they attended certain schools. There was a significant relationship (p < 0.05) and phi coefficient of 0.35 between household heads' education status and record keeping. None of the examined management practices had a statistically significant relationship (p > 0.05) with household heads' gender. Children (10-14 years) were mostly responsible for providing care to the chickens. Foundation and replacement stocks were mainly acquired through purchase (78%). Many households (74%) indicated supplementary feeding of their flocks but only 34% provided separate houses apart from the household dwellings. Newcastle (68%) was the most common disease. Sick birds were recognized by restlessness (34%) and diarrhea (28%). External parasites were mainly controlled through local practices (52%) while the most common way to dispose dead birds was to throw them away (88%). Up to 90% indicated no formal training on disease management and access to extension agents was also low (20%). Control of chicken movement was occasionally done to protect birds from predators (60%) and then, to avoid contagious diseases (38%). Individual farmers and their associations need to be supported by stakeholders to access relevant information and uptake improved management techniques.